Roman Emperors - DIR Augustus. An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers. DIR. Atlas. AUGUSTUS (3. B. C. Fagan. Pennsylvania State University. Augustus is arguably the single most important figure in Roman history. This system, termed the .
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Even if the rulers themselves on. Augustus's achievement in. Aside from the immense importance. Augustus's reign from the broad historical perspective, he himself is. Clearly a man of many facets, he underwent three major.
While his paternal family was from the town of Velletri, approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Rome, Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC.
Roman Revolution with skill and foresight. The Roman Republic had no written constitution but was, rather. Administration was carried out.
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- Comprehensive biography of Augustus' life and reforms during the Principate. Bibliography and footnotes.
Precedent. prescribed procedure and consensus set the parameters for acceptable behavior. Politicians began to push at the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Violence also entered. Politics had come to be dominated by violence and intimidation. Powerful generals at the head of politicized armies extorted.
Intimidation of the senate through the use. Rome or veterans brought to the city to influence. These generals also. As the conflict in the state. Roman Republic, routinely ended in disorder and rioting. When civil war erupted between. Pompey and Caesar in 4.
BC, few could have been surprised. These two men. were the strongest personalities in the state, each in command of significant. His. concerns were first and foremost the defeat in the field of his political. During these years, and following his final victory, he was. Extensive and excessive honors of. Caesar by a sycophantic senate: he refused.
Nevertheless, his broad disregard. Caesar's dealings with his peers, made him appear Rome's king. To be sure, he passed various items of legislation dealing. Roman Revolution in the first place. In fact, in. the last months of his life he was planning to leave Rome for several years. Parthians in the East.
That the cabal of nobles. Caesar included disaffected members of his own party. Caesar's tactlessness. Julius Caesar, dictator for life, was surrounded. He died at the foot of a statue of his great rival, Pompey. They met with a somewhat.
Cassius Longinus and M. Junius Brutus. held public meetings in the Forum, but the reaction of the people was equivocal. The senate, meeting on March 1.
Liberators (inferring legitimacy for their act of tyrannicide). Caesar's acts and decreeing him a public funeral. Forum (inferring legitimacy for Caesar's power).
It may have seemed. Caesar's mutilated body was displayed to. Roman people- -the dam of emotion burst and rioting ensued. Power seemed firmly in the hands of the pro- Caesar. M. Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's. The dictator's will, however, had contained something of. Octavius (later Augustus) was born on 2.
September, 6. 3 BC, the son of. Velitrae who had reached the praetorship before dying unexpectedly. Octavius was four. His father Octavius had earned the hand of Atia.
Caesar's sister, Julia, and this seemingly remote family link. Octavius and Caesar was to play a determinative role. Octavius's life. When his grandmother Julia died. BC, Octavius delivered the eulogy at her funeral, which was his first.
Dio claims (4. 5. Octavius reached maturity. BC), Caesar took him in and began training him to be his successor. There is. no evidence that the two actually met before Octavius was in his mid- teens. Octavius is hardly to be doubted. In 4. 8 BC the. young Octavius was elected to the pontifical college.
When Caesar celebrated. September 4. 6 BC, Octavius took part in the procession.
At some time in this period, Octavius. He then followed Caesar to. Spain when the latter went to fight the Pompeians at Munda (4. BC). He. earned the admiration of the dictator for the daring of his journey, which. In 4. 4 BC Caesar nominated the magistrates several years. Caesar's part), and the young. Master of Horse for 4.
BC. Despite these. Octavius was a non- player and a political nobody in March 4. BC, when his. great- uncle was killed. His friends and some. Macedonia. his family advised that he lie low and come to Rome unthreateningly as. He opted for the latter course of action and arrived.
Italy, south of Brundisium. Here, he heard more details about.
Caesar's death and of his own adoption. His family, now fearful for his. In a tremendous act of daring, he instead made directly. Brundisium and the large concentration of troops there.
Julius Caesar Octavianus (hereafter . To identify. himself fully with his adoptive father and to lend his subsequent actions. Many of the. troops at Brundisium joined his cause, and as he moved toward Rome his. Caesar in Italian colonies. By mid- April, he was nearing Rome. He sent no deputations.
Octavian and inquire as to his intentions. Perhaps he dismissed.
Thus, when Octavian finally. Rome toward the end of April, Antony continued to ignore him. Octavian. kept his cool and arranged a meeting. When he showed up- -ironically, in. Pompey on the Oppian Hill- -he was pointedly kept waiting. The dictator had appointed him to the governorship of.
Cisalpine Gaul (roughly the Po Valley region of modern Italy), an appointment. The senate had also assigned Antony, consul in. BC, the province of Macedonia. Through tribunician legislation in June. BC, Antony had his command in Macedonia exchanged for that in proximate.
Cisalpine Gaul. Decimus Brutus's term was up at the end of. BC, but Antony decided to assume command of Cisalpine Gaul in November. Antony accused Octavian of plotting. Octavian attempted, through agents, to undermine the.
Antony was bringing to Italy from Macedonia. Antony. went to Brundisium to secure his army (things did not go well there for. Octavian showed his daring once more. Despite the. risk of being branded a public enemy, he toured the Caesarian colonies. Campania and, relying on old loyalties, raised a private army from among. Caesar's veterans, perhaps 1.
It was a vivid demonstration. Fearing the. worst, he took the remainder of his force and hastened to attack Decimus. Brutus in Cisalpine Gaul.
Decimus Brutus, backed by the. Antony under arms, and retired to the fortified town. Mutina in Cisalpine Gaul. Antony had four legions, Octavian had five. The senate, led by Cicero. Antony as the greater threat. At this. crucial juncture, then, Cicero deployed his considerable rhetorical skill.
Octavian's benefit and began to champion his cause as a foil to Antony's. As a result, on 1 January, 4. BC Octavian's essentially illegal. As such, Octavian continued his preparations to attack Antony, now.
Decimus Brutus at Mutina. Both consuls for 4. BC, however. perished in the fighting around Mutina, and Octavian, as the senior commander. Decimus Brutus, a murderer. The senators, it appears, hoped that Octavian would now.
They appointed Decimus Brutus to the overall command against Antony. Octavian off with an. When a commission to distribute land to veterans was set up, Octavian. Smarting at such insulting treatment, Octavian bided.
Cicero as his colleague). Meanwhile, Antony was preparing to return to Cisalpine Gaul. Caesarian commanders in Transalpine Gaul. Having secured. his army's loyalty, he marched on Rome and seized the city with eight legions. Unsurprisingly. Octavian was elected consul to replace the deceased consuls of 4. BC. He. now carried the long- delayed ratification of his adoption, paid out the. Caesar's legacy, revoked the amnesty for the Liberators, and.
Antony was. massing huge forces in Cisalpine Gaul and, across the Adriatic, Cassius. Brutus had taken the opportunity offered by the enmity between the. Caesarian leaders to gain control of most of the eastern empire, it might. Dismissed by Antony and then by the senate as a bit player, he. On account of his tender years, he lacked the nexus of influential.
Roman politicians, including Antony, found essential. Caesar. His actions might not have. Late- Republican politics was a. Liberators, for instance, went about the eastern empire seizing provinces. In the. autumn of 4. BC, he was to make his most ambitious move yet.
On the pretence of preparing his. November and met with his rival; while. Octavian was en route, his consular colleague had secured the repeal of.
Antony a public enemy. The two met, with Antony's. M. Aemilius Lepidus, on an island in a river near Bononia. Two. days of difficult negotiation produced an agreement: the three Caesarians. Unlike the so- called . In effect, the Second. Triumvirate was a military junta whose decisions were made without reference.
Roman state. Their first. Sulla's dictatorship.
Since the property of the proscribed was. Rome or Italy at all but with Brutus and Cassius in the East. A recent. interpretation has questioned this view and argues that the proscriptions. Italy. Our sources preserve, in excruciating detail, dozens. Cicero, Antony's bitter enemy. Octavian's compliance. The apparent. financial reason for the triumvirs' need for money was soon to be made.
Thousands perished in. After a prelude in Africa. BC, in which a pro- senate governor was ousted by Octavian's.
Antony and Octavian moved on Cassius and Brutus in the summer. The campaign took place in the Balkans and. October at Philippi in. Macedonia. The Liberators were decisively defeated, Cassius and Brutus. Caesarians established their control over the. Roman world. Octavian, who had not played a glorious part in the. Caesar who fell into his hands.
A reshuffling. of the provinces was required in light of the new situation: Antony got. East but retained Transalpine and Narbonese Gaul; Octavian got most. West; Lepidus, fast being overshadowed by his more ambitious and.
Africa. Following Philippi. Antony moved east, Octavian returned to Italy, and a new polarization of. Roman world began to manifest itself. Veteran settlement was of. Octavian's trustworthiness as a patron. The procedure. entailed the forcible eviction of inhabitants from their land followed. Prior. to Philippi, eighteen rich towns in Italy had been promised to the soldiers- -now.
Beginning in 4. 1 BC and continuing for perhaps a. It seems that the dispossessed were not compensated. Octavian enormously unpopular. Italy. One of the consuls of. BC was L. Antonius, brother of Mark Antony. Playing on Octavian's poor.